Espousing a behavioral style characterized by temporal consistency, internal consensus, and autonomy and investment in their position, even at the price of reprisals, minorities present a force to be reconed with. Smith, C. M., and Diven, P. J. This discrepancy suggests that in the sphere of minority influence, as in many other spheres, interacting, mutually interdependent individuals react differently than solitary individuals processing social information. At best, and even that rarely, they are assessed twice, with a second assessment intended to detect the hypothesized delayed effect of minority influence on a focal point of its advocacy (David and Turner, 1996; Crano and Chen, 1998, Study 1; 1999). Br. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). Within this context, evidence exists Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. doi: 10.2307/20159311, Butera, F., Batruch, A., Autin, F., Mugny, G., Quiamzade, A., and Pulfrey, C. (2021). Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. Their generative power is additionally evident in several edited volumes on minorities as bona fide influence agents (Butera and Levine, 2009; Martin and Hewstone, 2010; Jetten and Hornsey, 2011; Papastamou et al., 2017). Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 4059. (2000). Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes, and Consequences. Moscovici, S. (1994). Bull. van Zomeren, M. (2015). As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). Minoritys success at effecting social change and ipso facto, majoritys failure to prevent it, should influence not only their reactions toward the group but also their capacity to further argue their positions. (2009). Indeed, the results revealed a significant linear increase in positive reactions toward the group over time. Psychol. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. The rise of research on minority influence coincided with the cognitive orientation in social psychology. Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2009). A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Psychol. Econometrica 47, 263291. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. A. Here are some tips. J. M. Levine and M. A. Hogg (Sage), 566570. Latan, B., and Nowak, A. 79, 385397. J. Pers. (1955). When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. This form of influence has been used effectively by civil rights movements throughout the 20th Century to shape public opinion. Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence. Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence. The minority influence of the manager challenges those majority-held views, and results in the questioning of dated practices. Soc. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 285312. It remained consistently high over time. The longer the new majority spent secure in its new position, the more similar they perceived themselves to the group and the more attractive they found the group. Nemeth and Wachtler (1974) conducted an experiment in which a group of participants (including a confederate) were asked to decide the amount of compensation that ought to be awarded to a person who had been injured. Even though it promoted the rights of a minority of the population, the movement helped to end public segregation based on race with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. The resulting backlash created a wave of support for the xenophobic Know Nothing movement and its nativist American Party. The dynamic nature of social influence is additionally evident in its multidirectionality, with multiple factions within a group competing to prevail. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. Social identification, self-categorization and social influence. From marginal to mainstream and vice versa: Leaders valuation of diversity while in the minority versus majority. ed. This state of affairs is rather paradoxical given Moscovicis original theorizing and ultimately, most minorities goals. New York: Cambridge University Press. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1095, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005a). Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). eds. J. Exp. ________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique. Vol. Maas, A., Clark, R. D. and Haberkorn, G. (1982). Wed like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less About It is possible that we are now in the process of similarly altering our conception of whiteness again. In other words, the outcomes of social influence attempts aimed at effecting versus preventing social change should have reciprocal effects on the sources of social influence (Hypothesis 2, see below Agenda item 2). A study of minorities as victims. Only by incorporating a time perspective in our research can these variations be captured (Arrow et al., 2000). Variables which affect the efficacy of minority influence include: Moscovici found that members of a group are more likely to accept the opinion of a minority if the view is expressed with consistency. Smith, C. M., Tindale, R. S., and Dugoni, B. L. (1996). Majority influence, for instance, is a normative influence, leading to individuals complying with the norms of the majority. 14, 755766. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.189. A minority opinion is also termed dissenting (eds.) The field took notice. ed. J. Soc. For example, in their analysis of minority influence in political decision-making groups, Levine and Kaarbo (2001) argued that influence strategies employed by political minorities may go beyond informational influence to include the reinforcement (i.e., reward, punishment) and procedural strategies (see also Smith and Diven, 2002). Appetite 168:105693. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105693, Deutsch, M., and Gerard, H. B. A minority group, led by Emmeline Pankhurst in the UK, eventually persuaded the majority that this was unfair, and enfranchisement was extended to women in 1918, overturning accepted views regarding womens rights. Consensual Action by Small Groups. Psychol. Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). J. Appl. Sindhi Muslims had a much larger majority of about seventy-4 percent. In spite of a remarkable scientific output, research on minority influence has not addressed its original question about social change. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). Yet, most studies on social influence, including minority influence, are one-time affairs that examine the effects of single appeals or single group encounters at a discrete point in time. eds. New York: Psychology Press. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. 16, 4373. Adopting a motivational approach holds promise of advancing our understanding of the roles minorities play in originating social change. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents (1990). E. H. Witte and J. H. Davis (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum), 191210. Mere consensus effects in minority and majority influence, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.93.1.23. Members begin to question the validity of their existing views, and whether the minority view is in fact a more informed opinion than that held by the majority. A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. Psychology approaches, theories and studies explained, Access 2,200+ insightful pages of psychology explanations & theories, Insights into the way we think and behave, Body Language & Dream Interpretation guides. For example, at what point in time do minorities voice their non-normative opinions? Psychol. Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. change. Whereas such conversion is the condition sine qua non for a minority to become a majority, it also signals unreliability and ultimately, instability of the majority position. Psychol. Comparative analyses from multiple lines of research have documented an asymmetry in distribution of tangible benefits (e.g., jobs, wealth) and intangible benefits (e.g., validation, status) favoring majorities over minorities. c. public compliance. What is it, and how does it work in each case? doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.5, Baumeister, R. F., and Leary, M. R. (1995). Group decision making under conditions of distributed knowledge: The information asymmetries model. M. Mikulincer and P. R. Shafer, (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), 507533. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. Echterhoff, G., and Higgins, T. E. (2017). Caporael, L. R., and Baron, R. M. (1997). Underreported, the number of mixed-race Americans increased nearly threefold in the past decade alone; 80 percent of intermarriages in the United States today unite non-Hispanic white partners with members of an ethnic or a racial minority. Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. This poses an additional challenge to applying many insights from the prevailing literature on a minority impact toward a social-psychological understanding of social change. Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. Paicheler, G., and Flath, E. (1988). Soon to win the White House, Theodore Roosevelt found these developments alarming. How is that private change communicated over time? Aust. The latter is simply too costly for a frequent-publication dictum (see Levine and Kaarbo, 2001). C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 122159. As for the measures of the minority impact, the two frameworks paint a somewhat different picture: The Information processing (persuasion) framework suggests that the impact is most evident on private responses to indirect measures of attitudes toward issues tangentially related to the object of a minority advocacy (Wood et al., 1994; but see Glaser et al., 2015). Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. Revels in Groups: Dissent, Deviance, Difference, and Defiance. Group Processes. Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Soc. doi: 10.1111/josi.12259, Prislin, R., and Filson, J. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. Social influence, social identity, and ingroup leniency, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. In contrast to these sources, those who were consistently rejected to remain in a minority, as well as those who lost social support to be turned from a majority to a minority (majority minority), lost much of their persuasive efficacy over time. Bull. J. M. Levine (New York: Psychology Press), 135163. Eur. 6. 13, 4355. 2, 5158. ^Search was performed using the following key words: minority influence, defiance, deviance, innovation, social influence and change/effect/impact. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. Rather, it signifies their under-representation in the mainstream (i.e., information-processing) considerations of minority influence. Pers. Psychol. Bull. Rigidity and minority influence: The influence of the social in social influences, in Perspectives on Minority Influence. As a counterbalance to research on the informational value of minority advocacy, several lines of research have emphasized the role of social identity and the resultant normative pressures in determining reactions to minority influence, which reactions expand beyond attitudinal shifts to include group-categorization (e.g., Abrams and Hogg, 1990; David and Turner, 2001) and self-categorization (e.g., Wood et al., 1996). Groups in which members are obedient to accepted norms tend to engage in groupthink, whereby long-held views are upheld without question. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. Because of the earlier discussed asymmetry in reactions to losses and gains, the presumed intensely negative reactions of the former majorities, but only mildly positive reactions of the former minorities, should render the group weak immediately after experiencing social change via conversion. Participants were instructed to sit around a table to discuss the compensation amount, either in seats which were grouped, or in a solitary seat at the head of the table. Rev. 28, 640647. When first introduced, Moscovicis idea about the power of minorities to instigate change was very much a minority idea. Latan, B. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385. For example, employees at a factory which uses dated practises to produce its wares may be reluctant to change their habits. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. eds. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01091.x. Groups as the minds natural environment, in Evolutionary Social Psychology. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Soc. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). P. A. van Lange, E. T. Higgins, and A. W. Kruglanski (New York: Guilford Press), 181201. Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence. Research on group-decision making has elucidated the probability of any one faction prevailing as a function of types of decision tasks (Laughlin and Ellis, 1986), and shared cognitions and motivations (Brodbeck et al., 2007; Tindale et al., 2013), especially in the context of jury decision-making (Tindale et al., 2004), and organizational decision-making (De Dreu and West, 2001). It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. Am. Whilst minority influenceinvolves a challenge to popular opinion and group norms, it can serve the interests of the wider population in the long term. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. Instead, minority views tend to be adopted when they exert informative influence:the unusual nature or novelty of the minoritys argument means that other members of a group pay close attention to it. The Power of Minorities. (2002). Successful conversion of a sufficient number of group members to the minority position reverses positions (majority minority), representing a loss for the former majority and a gain for the former minority. Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. (1974). J. WebThe study of minority influence has advanced considerably since the late 1960s when Moscovici's pioneering efforts brought the minority's role in the process of persuasion A) public compliance B) obedience to authority C) ideomotor action D) informational social influence Correct Answer: Access For Free Review Later eds. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. J. Soc. Finally, different motives may call for different types of social change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. 68, 520. Apparently, a hard-earned social capital in the form of former opponents support paid high dividends as successful minorities became increasingly efficient in their advocacy. Whereas most minorities seek social change, they do so for a variety of reasons that originate from a variety of disadvantageous social, economic, and psychological conditions. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. 76, 10391053. (1979). This may be especially true for new majorities (former minorities) who earn their position through social change.

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