test of premorbid functioning raw score conversion

Four separate indices were introduced with WAIS-IV, replacing the verbal and performance subscales included in previous versions of the test battery: Verbal Comprehension (VCI), Perceptual Reasoning (PRI), Working Memory (WMI) and Processing speed (PSI). This approval level enables you to buy our assessments requiring A or B qualification levels. Results Results indicate that word-reading tests may underestimate premorbid intelligence during the immediate recovery period for patients with msevTBI. . Point-by-point comparison against predicted WAIS and WAIS-R IQs included in the British NART-R test manual shows similar estimates at the high end of the distribution (but lowest for WAIS-IV), with estimates at the lower end falling between the WAIS (higher) and WAIS-R (lower) FSIQ estimates (Figure 2). WebThe Test of Premorbid Functioning (ToPF), a word reading test co-normed with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4 th Edition (WAIS-IV), was examined as a tool for You can find STAAR raw score conversion tables listed below. Individuals with a prior mTBI were included if their previous injury occurred at least 1 year before enrollment. Data were retrospectively analyzed on persons with TBI (n=83) who were enrolled from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) hospital system between 2007 and 2011 as part of a larger NIH-funded longitudinal study investigating medical decision making in TBI (Triebel et al., 2012). The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Riley and Simmonds (2003) administered the NART to individuals with severe head injury while they were within the first year of recovery and again after a year. All participants completed the WTAR and a battery of neuropsychological measures at each visit. WebThe Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) (Delis, Kaplan, & Kramer, 2009) was administered to assess individuals premorbid verbal intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.). and transmitted securely. . To determine the viability of using a straightforward best performance approach to estimating premorbid IQ, we assessed variability in performance across WAIS-IV subtests and indices in our neurologically healthy sample. (, Delis, D., Kramer, J., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. Comparing the North American Adult Reading Test (NAART) and the Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) to estimate premorbid Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - 4th edition FSIQ in a clinical sample with epilepsy. Clinicians are encouraged to administer the entire WAIS-IV, or at minimum the VCI subtests, for a more accurate measure of intelligence in those with above average intelligence and history of TBI. In most cases PF must be estimated, and specific tests have been designed to produce these estimates. Future studies should aim to identify methods optimally adapted to specific conditions, so that, to the greatest extent possible, like is compared with like. WebThe TOPF[6] involves reading up to 70 irregular English words. Since the NART (and NART-R) were published, similar tests of reading/vocabulary knowledge have also been proposed that provide predicted scores incorporating one or more demographic variables (the WTAR against WAIS-III and the TOPF against WAIS-IV). Seventeen individuals with mTBI had evidence of structural brain changes (such as contusions, subdural hematoma, or diffuse axonal injury) on cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan. As expected, the msevTBI group had lower GOAT scores, t(78)=4.81, p<.001, than those with mTBI at baseline. Typically, school leaving age of 16 corresponds to level I, 18 to level II; levels III and IV included participants currently undertaking that level of study. The WAIS-IV supplementary tests were administered to all participants at the end of the session but will not be reported here. It is a word reading test that can be administered to individuals ages 20-90 and consists of 70 words that are unique in their phonic pronunciation. Data for the 23 items comprising the mini-NART (McGrory et al., Citation2015) were extracted to provide an overall score on this abbreviated version of the test. Results indicated a main effect of group, F(2, 132)=10.23, p<.001, partial eta2=.134, but not of time, F(1, 132)=1.49, p=.23, partial eta2=.011, on raw WTAR score. The current findings provide evidence for a dose-dependent effect of TBI on WTAR performance during the first year of recovery. Another limitation is that true estimates of premorbid ability were not available for our sample, and therefore we are unable to rule out the possibility that those with msevTBI may have lower premorbid IQ. The results of this study suggest that word-reading performance is robust to the subtle cognitive impairment seen in milder head injuries and serves as a stable estimate of premorbid intelligence. The CVLT-II Forced Choice was administered to assess effort/test validity. The msevTBI group had lower baseline GOAT scores, t(78)=4.81, p<.001, scores than those with mTBI. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. WebEstimates of premorbid intelligence obtained from the TOPF and WRAT-4 READ have a strong linear relationship, but systematically generate inconsistent estimates in a neurodegenerative disease clinical sample and should not be used interchangeably. Although the relative utility and accuracy of these tests for many neurological conditions is unknown, Bright et al. These results indicate that for patients with msevTBI, word-reading tests may not be a reliable measure of premorbid intelligence during the immediate recovery period and possibly longer. Best performance and embedded hold/no-hold methods are also problematic. This approval level enables you to buy our assessments that require no professional degree, accreditation, organization membership, or license/certificate. Specifically, they found that the estimated IQs of 42% of their participants improved by five or more points, providing evidence that the NART may underestimate IQ in patients with severe TBI still within the first year of recovery. (, Dwan, T. M., Ownsworth, T., Chambers, S., Walker, D. G., & Shum, D. H. (, Green, R. E., Melo, B., Christensen, B., Ngo, L. A., Monette, G., & Bradbury, C. (, Hanks, R. A., Millis, S. R., Ricker, J. H., Giacino, J. T., Nakese-Richardson, R., Frol, A. Participants were initially assessed at 36 months post-injury and again 6 months later. Although both TBI groups improved over time, those with msevTBI continued to be impaired relative to controls at 1 year post-injury. FSIQ, WAIS-IV full-scale IQ; Note: Education level 1=GCSE/equivalent or below; 2=A level/equivalent; 3 undergraduate degree; 4 postgraduate degree. Keywords: WebName: Test of Premorbid Functioning - Raw score. eCollection 2022. In practice, the clinician considers evidence from multiple sources when estimating the degree of cognitive impairment (if any), but to avoid bias and constrain subjectivity, it is crucial to employ evidence-based assessment approaches in this process (e.g., Youngstrom, Choukas-Bradley, Calhoun, & Jensen-Doss, Citation2015). Would you like email updates of new search results? Controls were excluded if they had been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders (except mild depression), substance abuse, or neurologic diseases. [1] Each method has strengths and weaknesses. In addition to the WTAR, all participants were administered a standardized battery of neuropsychological tests. (, Mathias, J. L., Bowden, S. C., Bigler, E. D., & Rosenfeld, J. V. (, McGurn, B., Starr, J. M., Topfer, J. Fifty-two participants with mild, moderate, or severe TBI were administered the ToPF and WAIS-IV between two weeks and 19 months post-injury. By comparing estimated pre-injury intelligence to measures of current cognitive functioning, clinicians can approximate the level of decline that a patient has experienced. It is a view-only digital file. This methodology has been used previously in TBI samples to provide evidence that word-reading tests are valid in the context of cognitive recovery (Green et al., 2008; Orme, Johnstone, Hanks, & Novack, 2004). 2020 Jan;34(1):43-52. doi: 10.1037/neu0000569. Best performance approaches to estimating premorbid ability are based upon the assumption that the tests in which patients accrue the highest score are likely to reflect relatively intact function, and therefore provide a baseline ability level against which current functioning can be compared. Approaches based on the NART, in particular, remain popular with many researchers and clinicians in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, but even though the Test of Premorbid Function (TOPF) was designed to supersede the WTAR, the WTAR remains widely used. WebThe most common methods of premorbid function estimation include demographic based approaches (e.g., Barona, Reynolds, & Chastin, 1984), best current performance (e.g., Lezak et al., 2004), reading ability (Willshire, Kinsella, & Prior, 1991), achievement measures (e.g., Baade & Schoenberg, 2004), or a combination of these approaches to create (, Orme, D. R., Johnstone, B., Hanks, R., & Novack, T. (, Triebel, K. L., Martin, R. C., Novack, T. A., Dreer, L., Turner, C., Pritchard, P. R., et al. Premorbid intelligence has commonly been estimated using hold tests, which are neuropsychological measures that are relatively unaffected by most forms of neuropathological change, therefore able to hold an individual's level of functioning (Russell, 1980). Despite the considerable limitations associated with all currently available methods, even the most experienced clinician would be constraining his or her ability to deliver optimal clinical management of a presenting neurological patient if estimation of premorbid ability was not attempted. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted We are unable to identify your country location. In the present study, we examine the accuracy with which the NART and WTAR predict intelligence on the most recent revision of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), using a large sample of neurologically healthy participants (n=92). Inclusion of age with NART provided an additional potential benefit beyond the improved precision of estimate, by extending the range of possible FSIQ values at both ends of the distribution. Inaccurate premorbid IQ estimates in those patients with moderate-to-severe TBI could lead clinicians to underestimate the level of actual cognitive decline due to TBI. Field work is currently underway to develop WAIS-V, which, once published, will require the development of new standardised estimates if use of the NART or WTAR is to continue. government site. WebTest of Premorbid Functioning Estimates amount of cognitive functioning lost due to brain injury. The .gov means its official. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). There are a few limitations to the current study. Participants were assessed at 1 and 12 months post-injury with a 2-week scheduling window on either side, in accordance with TBI Model System's guidelines (Hanks et al., 2008; Kalmar et al., 2008). Performance across the WAIS-IV measures also differed significantly [F(3, 272.59Footnote1)=3.12, p=.026], although pairwise comparisons revealed that only one effect remained significant following Bonferroni correction, with FSIQ higher than PSI (p=.043). Nevertheless, the scarcity of very low WTAR scores in our sample suggests that these lower FSIQ estimates should be interpreted with caution. Although it is important to note that total citation counts will be biased towards longer established tests, they clearly demonstrate continued use of the NART and the WTAR, despite some indication that the TOPF is gaining popularity. Bookshelf Correlation coefficients, although significant, were relatively small, even though statistical power (1 - ) in all cases exceeded .8 (two-tailed). However, we also found that predictive accuracy can be modestly but significantly improved through the use of combined test scores with demographic information (NART with age, and WTAR with education). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Moreover, the msevTBI group had a significant improvement in WTAR performance over the 1-year period. NART and WTAR raw error scores exhibited a large correlation [r(90)=.88, p<.001] and both measures also showed significant negative correlations with age [r(90)=.64 and .54, p <.001, for NART and WTAR respectively]. All rights reserved. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Get instructions and help on ordering online or from our product catalog. Age significantly improved the precision of FSIQ estimates based on NART and total NART+WTAR performance, and education improved WTAR-derived estimates only. To evaluate impact of neurological injury on cognitive performance it is typically necessary to derive a baseline (or premorbid) estimate of a patients general cognitive ability prior to the onset of impairment. Premorbid, or pre-injury functioning is the estimate of an individuals' level of functioning prior to injury/disease onset, and provides a baseline against which their current performance is compared. However, given that all three groups had similar demographic profiles and that those with msevTBI experienced improvement over time, there is no reason to suspect that the msevTBI group was less intelligent than other groups prior to injury. WebObjective: Clarify procedures to correctly score Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF) and assess the accuracy of TOPF scores in the estimation of premorbid intellectual Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. By definition, psychometric intelligence predicts performance across all cognitive domains, but in practice such generalised inferences are likely to be problematic in many cases. and on two widely used word reading tests: National Adult Reading Test (NART; Nelson, H. E. (1982). Participant demographics and WAIS-IV performance are shown in Table 1. Test of Premorbid Functioning. Raw scores for both versions of the WRAT are converted to age the WRAT-4 Reading subtest has not been formally established as an estimate of premorbid functioning in the research literature; however, its substantial overlap with the WRAT-3 and its shared validation process suggests that the two versions of the test are similar Causes of TBI for the patient sample included: 65% motor vehicle collision (n=54), 13% falls (n=17), 2% assaults (n=3), and 11% other (n=9). Arch Clin Neuropsychol. Correlations between the combined hold and no-hold measurements were larger, but even the combination of four no-hold tests explained only 35% of the variance of the combined hold measure. Predicted General Ability Index (GAI)=.9656 NART errors+126.5Predicted Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)=1.0745 NART errors+126.81Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)=.6242 NART errors+120.18Working Memory Index (WMI)=.7901 NART errors+120.53, Predicted General Ability Index (GAI)=1.2025 WTAR errors+119.77Predicted Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI)=1.4411 WTAR errors+120.25Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI)=.6931 WTAR errors+115.06Working Memory Index (WMI)=.9579 WTAR errors+114.78. Such tests also require neuropsychological assessment skills/training, take time to administer, and can contribute to patient fatigue. de Erausquin GA, Snyder H, Brugha TS, Seshadri S, Carrillo M, Sagar R, Huang Y, Newton C, Tartaglia C, Teunissen C, Hkanson K, Akinyemi R, Prasad K, D'Avossa G, Gonzalez-Aleman G, Hosseini A, Vavougios GD, Sachdev P, Bankart J, Mors NPO, Lipton R, Katz M, Fox PT, Katshu MZ, Iyengar MS, Weinstein G, Sohrabi HR, Jenkins R, Stein DJ, Hugon J, Mavreas V, Blangero J, Cruchaga C, Krishna M, Wadoo O, Becerra R, Zwir I, Longstreth WT, Kroenenberg G, Edison P, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Staufenberg E, Figueredo-Aguiar M, Ycora A, Vaca F, Zamponi HP, Re VL, Majid A, Sundarakumar J, Gonzalez HM, Geerlings MI, Skoog I, Salmoiraghi A, Boneschi FM, Patel VN, Santos JM, Arroyo GR, Moreno AC, Felix P, Gallo C, Arai H, Yamada M, Iwatsubo T, Sharma M, Chakraborty N, Ferreccio C, Akena D, Brayne C, Maestre G, Blangero SW, Brusco LI, Siddarth P, Hughes TM, Zuiga AR, Kambeitz J, Laza AR, Allen N, Panos S, Merrill D, Ibez A, Tsuang D, Valishvili N, Shrestha S, Wang S, Padma V, Anstey KJ, Ravindrdanath V, Blennow K, Mullins P, ojek E, Pria A, Mosley TH, Gowland P, Girard TD, Bowtell R, Vahidy FS. We also consider an abbreviated form of the NART (mini-NART, McGrory, Austin, Shenkin, Starr, & Deary, Citation2015), developed in order to expedite the test and remove words that provide little additional predictive power. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. FOIA However, Mathias, Bowden, Bigler, and Rosenfeld (2007) found contradictory results in their longitudinal study of patients with mild, moderate, and severe TBI and demographically matched orthopedic injury controls. Test of Premorbid Functioning Healthy adult controls (n=52) were recruited through local advertisements and selected to match participants with TBI on demographic variables of age, sex, ethnicity, and education. Assessment; intelligence; neuropsychology tests; rehabilitation; traumatic brain injury. Finally, the hold/no-hold approach, like best performance, requires that we accept the assumption that neurologically healthy populations perform similarly across all subtests. The main NART/WAIS-IV correlations and regression equations have previously been published (Bright et al., Citation2016) but have been included to facilitate comparison with WTAR and alternative methods presented here. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Premorbid intellect is either from Wechsler Test of Adult Reading or Test of Premorbid Functioning. We computed regression equations for NART and WTAR scores against each of the WAIS-IV indices (excluding PSI, which was poorly correlated, as described above). While those with mTBI performed approximately 1 SD below the controls on all measures at baseline, those with msevTBI had severely impaired performance at least 2.5 SDs below the mean of healthy controls. Correlations with PSI were comparatively poor, indicating that estimation of basic information processing speed should not be inferred on the basis of NART or WTAR scores. Linear correlation between National Adult Reading Test/Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (NART/WTAR) errors and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) full-scale IQ (FSIQ). FOIA sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants. Older adults with no cognitive complaints obtained a mean score of 23 ( SD = 2.4) ( Rabin et al., 2007 ); thus, these values can be used to convert the raw score to a z-score. The adjusted premorbid IQ is obtained through entering Once ordered, the digital asset is accessible by logging into Q-global and visiting the Q-global Resource Library. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Individuals with penetrating brain injuries (e.g., gunshot wound) were excluded from the study. B., et al. NART, National Adult Reading Test; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; WAIS-IV Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition; FSIQ, WAIS-IV full-scale IQ; ***p<.001; **p<.01. For example, performance on tests such as the NART and WTAR is unlikely to be entirely insensitive to neurological impairment, and the degree of sensitivity is likely to differ from one patient and/or condition to another. One such word pronunciation task is the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR; Wechsler, 2001). Benefits. Inclusion of education with WTAR is more problematic, since we cannot know what the maximum educational level achieved will be for the younger participants in our sample (i.e., some participants were in full-time education and/or may not have reached their peak level of achievement at the time of testing). Epub 2019 Sep 17. Clinicians should consider alternative estimation measures in this TBI subpopulation. 2020 May 14:acaa025. This has been a consistent problem with literature in the field and should be addressed in future studies with both pre- and post-injury intelligence testing. Those with msevTBI have a predicted IQ that is 13 points lower than healthy controls at 1 month post-injury and improve an average of 5 IQ points upon second testing a year later. Mixed ANOVAs were used to determine whether healthy controls, patients with mTBI, and patients with msevTBI performed differently on the WTAR, TMT, and CVLT-II Trials 15 Total between baseline and 1 year following injury. National Adult Reading Test (NART): For the assessment of premorbid intelligence in patients with dementia: Test manual. NART, National Adult Reading Test; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Fourth Edition. Table 2 presents linear correlations between hold and no-hold tests, along with combined measures. Webpremorbid: [ pre-morbid ] occurring before the development of disease. The WTAR was co-normed with the Wechsler Paired t-tests (two-tailed) revealed significant differences between hold and no-hold combined measurements. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the WTAR and change in these measures for those with msevTBI, providing additional evidence that the word-reading ability is influenced by cognitive recovery. (, Evaluation of the accuracy of two regression-based methods for estimating premorbid IQ, Postscripts on premorbid ability estimation: Conceptual addenda and a few words on alternative and conditional approaches, Oklahoma premorbid intelligence estimation (OPIE): Utilization in clinical samples, Impaired National Adult Reading Test (NART) performance in traumatic brain injury, Estimation of WAISR premorbid intelligence: Current ability and demographic data used in a best-performance fashion, Clinical guide to the evidence-based assessment approach to diagnosis and treatment. (Citation2002) provided evidence that the use of the NART is justified in patients with frontal lobe damage, Korsakoff syndrome, and mild or moderate stages of Alzheimers disease, and that this test outperforms demographic-derived estimates, with no additional benefit to be gained from a combination of the two methods. Similarly, a comparison of participants mean lowest subtest scaled score (7.85) against their highest subtest scaled score (14.77) revealed a mean difference of 6.92 scaled points. Accessibility The Test of Premorbid Functioning enables clinicians to estimate an individuals level of cognitive and memory functioning before the onset of injury or illness. . The number correct and time are combined into a ratio score using a Ratio Score Conversion Table included in *p-value for omnibus test of group differences. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Association between IQ and neuropsychological test performance: commentary on Tremont, Hoffman, Scott, and Adams (1998). In Green, Melo, Christensen, Ngo, Monette and Bradbury's (2008) study, 24 patients with moderate-to-severe TBI were given the WTAR and a standard neuropsychological battery at 2 and 5 months post-injury. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2021 Sep-Oct;28(5):564-572. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2019.1664547. Published by Oxford University Press 2020. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The British NART, WTAR and WAIS-IV were then administered (in that order) according to standardised instructions. . However, the weight of evidence is not consistent with this view. Test of Premorbid Functioning: You're Doing It Wrong, but Does It Matter? 8600 Rockville Pike Given the limited and mixed findings of previous studies, additional studies are critical to determine the utility of word-reading tasks as hold tests in an acutely injured TBI population. Search for other works by this author on: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary postacute rehabilitation for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in adults, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, Traumatic brain injury model systems of care 2002-2007, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Estimating premorbid WAIS-RIQ with demographic variables: Regression equations derived from a UK sample, Neuropsychological assessment of individuals with brain tumor: Comparison of approaches used in the classification of impairment, Measuring premorbid IQ in traumatic brain injury: An examination of the validity of the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR), Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, The predictive validity of a brief inpatient neuropsychologic battery for persons with traumatic brain injury, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehablitation, Feasibility of a brief neuropsychological test battery during acute inpatient rehabilitation after TBI, Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group. By extension, the remaining core subtests measure no-hold abilities (i.e., those most susceptible to neurocognitive impairment), but the most commonly used are Block Design, Digit Span, Arithmetic and/or Coding (Groth-Marnat & Wright, Citation2016; Wechsler, Citation1958). These tests should not be used to infer premorbid processing speed. FSIQ, WAIS-IV full-scale IQ; Note: 1=included in model; 0=excluded from model. Before An opportunity sample of 100 neurologically healthy adults (mean age 40 years; range 18 to 70; SD 16.78) were recruited primarily from university campuses in Cambridge and London, local retail environments and via social media, of which eight participants failed to complete one or more tests and were excluded from all analyses. The Mini-Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination (M-ACE) is a short version of the ACE and was developed and validated in dementia patients. Cogn Behav Neurol. Researchers and clinicians working with UK populations who employ NART or WTAR may therefore wish to consider applying our equations in order to compare actual and predicted premorbid WAIS-IV (rather than WAIS-R/WAIS-III) performance. These analyses were followed with Dunnett's comparisons using healthy controls as the reference group. All TOPF scores were significantly correlated with WAIS-IV FSIQ scores (range r = 0.56-.73). Careers. Kayla A. government site. The current study sought to determine whether the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (WTAR) provides a stable estimate of premorbid intellectual ability in acutely injured patients recovering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adaptive Functioning Among Older Adults: The Essence of Information Processing Speed in Executive Functioning, Psychological Correlates of Self-Rated Resilience in the Context of Subjective Cognitive Concerns in Older Adults, An Examination of Visual Quality of Life and Functional Vision Among Collision and Non-Collision Athletes Over a Competitive Season, The Relations Between an Inventory-Based Measure of Executive Function and Impulsivity Factors in Alcohol- and Cannabis-Relevant Outcomes, A Neuropsychological Battery for the Evaluation of Dementia Among Mandarin-Speaking Older Adults in the United States, About Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, About the National Academy of Neuropsychology, Dwan, Ownsworth, Chambers, Walker, & Shum, 2015, Green, Melo, Christensen, Ngo, Monette and Bradbury's (2008), Mathias, Bowden, Bigler, and Rosenfeld (2007), Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. WebThe Test of Premorbid Functioning enables clinicians to estimate an individuals level of cognitive and memory functioning before the onset of injury or illness. Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) scores for the two TBI groups were compared using independent samples t-tests. The regression equations were as follows: NART predicted WAIS-IV FSIQ=.9775 NART error+126.41, WTAR predicted WAIS-IV FSIQ=1.2206 WTAR error+119.63. Table 1 presents demographic variables for all participants and injury severity data for participants with TBI. This work was supported by the National Institute on Child Health and Human Development [grant no. Processing speed (PSI) has been excluded. Assessment. Therefore, the low average WTAR score at baseline is presumably attributable to the effects of msevTBI. Note: Full sample statistics are indicated in bold. 8600 Rockville Pike Use of the TOPF as was designed is recommended. ToPF and WAIS-IV scores did not differ by injury severity. Brasure, M., Lamberty, G. J., Sayer, N. A., Nelson, N. W., Macdonald, R., Ouellette, J., et al. WebSTAAR Raw Score Conversion Tables.

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