Crank's method boasted a certain elegance: It would capture any bias a ref might display in as simple a way as possible. With her thumbs and forefingers, she made an "O" the diameter of an orange. Gerry Donaghy, his father, for a long time wore stripes at the highest levels of NCAA men's basketball. When Donaghy had finished, Kulle leaned back in his chair. Jack Concannon "But they all had a piece of the pizza." "Tiger was the brains behind that group," says one gambler who knew them well. They'd studied his wagers. He has given up making betting picks for a tout service, which he did for a time after his release from prison. When Donaghy became an NBA ref, that continued, sometimes with hookers. In other words, Donaghy's track record of making calls that favored his bet was 23-3-4. He was ready to face trial for up to 25 years in prison in the hopes of having the most severe charges against him dropped, but the prosecutors eventually came through with a deal. It was January 2007. He documented a 78% Donaghy win rate and paying him $201,000 for his tips, just a cog in Battistas tentacles, which reached Asia, Europe and Vegas. Huge bets on Boston in the middle of the trading session, between 11:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m., drove the spread from 2.5 to 3 to 4. The night after the Boston victory, according to all parties, the conspirators met once more, at Martino's house in the Philly suburb of Boothwyn. "All I'm seeing," he said he told Donaghy, "is a movie. Then people settle in. Making bets at the highest levels of sports gambling is akin to the trading of any financial instrument. The play claims that his strict, god-fearing family caused him to rebel when he was younger, but he wound up going out with the wrong crowd. And if a ref were to target one particular team with fouls, he could push the score for the opposing side higher than it otherwise would be. Along with the rest of the Animals, Battista had returned from Curaao in 2004 after PlayASAP had gone belly-up. There is, for one, Ed T. Rush, former NBA director of officials, a Philadelphia native and, for 32 years, a referee at the highest level, starting in 1966. Or "influence" or "manipulate" or in any way discussed the mechanics of fixing. Favored by 6, the visiting Wizards covering Battista on March 15 confessing to his wife that he'd lost $7 million of his clients' money Battista on March 16 strung out and sleepless at Martino's house and surrounded suddenly by almost his entire immediate family. Thousands of pages of court documents and investigative records were scrutinized. He gained notoriety as a mover who is neither a gambler nor a bookmaker. Born in Greece in 1960, a Boston street bookie in the 1980s, Athanas by the late 1990s had moved to Jamaica, where he turned himself into a sharp bettor and bookmaker on a global scale. In his endeavors, Battista had a sometime assistant, another high school chum, Tommy Martino, who acted as a liaison in the Donaghy scheme. He even contacted Murray Weiss, the Post reporter who wrote the story, to uncover the source of the leak. He thought he was having a heart attack. It is likely Tim did not know just how influential Jimmy had become, or how Battistas words and deeds now affected bettors and bookies worldwide.. I was told, 'They're the kind of people who will do anything they can to protect themselves and the game.'". One morning in early July 2007, Ronnie Nunn was asleep in a hotel room in Las Vegas when his cellphone buzzed him awake. If Donaghy talked about Chuck, bet the home side. Scala's squad went to work. According to statements Donaghy made to federal law enforcement, Battista's deal was effectively an act of extortion. He has been working on something big, as Tom Petty sang, for 10 years, and its near-future publication will be a bombshell. Scala won't say whether he believes the NBA leaked the story. Every foul call was logged, the resulting data analyzed, along with betting-market line-movement histories for every game Donaghy reffed that season. The latest updates, reviews and . Twice, Griffin said, he appeared in a television studio to partake in documentaries in which Donaghy was supposed to appear. One more incident, and Stern would sack Donaghy. Griffin already had published a bestseller in 2005 with Black Brothers, Inc. about the violent rise and fall of Philadelphias black mafia. You don't want anyone "from New York" coming to your house, Battista told him. He entered a conspiracy only when Battista and Thomas Martino, the go . "If you looked at the stats," said one gambler in The Office at the time, "you could see he was calling more fouls on the team he bet against and less fouls on the team he bet on. Then he hung up. He was already thinking, How can I get a piece of this action? It stuns Griffin how media, especially sports-talk radio, has provided Donaghy with a platform for his sensational fodder. They were also brothers-in-law; the women they'd married were sisters. There had to be a pattern. Griffin became so acutely and repeatedly aware that the former ref was full of fabrication and fiction that hed relegate Donaghy to the disingenuous shadows of his own imagination. Through them, we deduced which side Donaghy had picked for Battista to bet on. The pact was: "Don't tell anybody. The finest information Jimmy Battista received in his years as a full-time professional gambler, he says now, came from former NBA referee Tim Donaghy. Battista had since decided to set up shop on his own as a bet broker. But he'd remained close friends after high school with both Donaghy and Battista, who, in turn, were never that close with each other. And I said, 'What?' One of them was the man that his ex-wife Kim Donaghy described as his forever "partner in crime" -Thomas "Tommy" Martino. "They were looking for something real obvious. Ensuing betting-scandal headlines jolted the NBA. Jimmy Battista, to participate in the betting. The Hero of Goodall Park: A true-crime drama 50 years in the making. If the score in a game widened too far beyond the betting line, Donaghy told Martino, Donaghy would be powerless to rein it back in. "Say hello to Johnny for me ". Each of the city's famous Five Families -- Genovese, Lucchese, Bonanno, Colombo, Gambino -- has a dedicated FBI unit investigating it full time, and Scala was the boss of the one focused on the Gambinos. And how, in turn, could you uncover evidence of it years, even a decade, later? According to what we've observed after being released from Metropolitan Detention Center-Brooklyn, New York, James "Jimmy" Battista has returned home to the state of Pennsylvania and lives an extremely private life. He would start before dawn with the enormously liquid Asian betting markets, an amorphous group of black- and gray-market internet sportsbooks based in places like Manila and Kuala Lumpur. In the end, Rush felt there was no need to relay his observations to the Pedowitz people. Don't be fishing, because you ain't getting anything out of me." Seth Wickersham on the Cleveland Browns' front office -- and where hope and history collide. "If you're going to ask me if I would do it differently now, the answer is yes. For slipping him winning football picks, Donaghy had sent to Battista a Kobe Bryant-signed Lakers jersey. Both Battista and Martino have said that there were no threats, that everyone was nervous but the situation seemed copacetic, and that what sold Donaghy on the deal was Battista saying to him: We know you're giving the games to Jack Concannon. It's possible, in effect, to buy and sell bets, to go long or go short, to hedge. People know I have documents and files, and they constantly ask me questions whose answers they dont like. Rather, the investigation found no basis to disagree with the finding of the FBI and the U.S. Attorney's Office that "[t]here is no evidence that Donaghy ever intentionally made a particular ruling during a game in order to increase the likelihood that his gambling pick would be correct." Reportedly born in 1966, Jimmy Battista is 56 years old in 2022. When they departed, Battista asked Donaghy whom he liked the next night, when the 76ers were playing host to the Celtics in a game Donaghy would officiate. So when Gaming appeared at No. "Indeed," Stern assured the assembled media, "as a matter of his on-court performance, he's in the top tier of accuracy.". They came out of the station bearing a packet of rolling papers, and right there inside the car, under the fluorescent gas station lights, in the rental-return sprawl adjacent to the Philadelphia International Airport runway, Martino rolled a joint. Thats because this Netflix original documentary features first-hand accounts to elucidate precisely how and why once-renowned NBA referee Timothy Tim Donaghy staked on his own games. As economist Wladimir Andreff of the University of Paris has written: "All economic analyses conclude that the more money there is inflowing to sport, the greater the sport corruption.". They had possibly just stumbled on the ultimate edge. That was when he told Popeye that, come the 2006-07 NBA season, Battista would need to increase the size of some of his NBA wagers. -- wins and wins and wins and wins, his picks almost 100 percent wins. The other, Chuck, lived in Delco. ", The NBA wouldn't share the specifics of those statistical analyses, but it did describe them in summary form. Sure enough, there he was. His body turned numb. They played 18 holes four or five days a week. James "Jimmy" "Bah-Bah" "The Sheep" Battista was a stressed-out, overweight, Oxy-addicted 41-year old, in the hole to some underground gamblers for sums he'd sort of lost track of, when he settled in to watch an NBA game for which he believed he'd just put in the fix. After learning about the suspicious circumstances surrounding the leak of the original Donaghy story and Jimmy Battista's plea deal, the crew investigates the most . Battista had such a network. [3] Donaghy then found another publisher: a small, independent, newly established outfit -- so new that Personal Foul would be its inaugural volume -- based in Tampa, Florida, and operated by a political consultant and publicist named Shawna Vercher. "If what you're telling me is true," Kulle said he told Donaghy, "you're gonna be rich.". Battista rolled $7,000 in a rubber band two for the Celtics tip, five as a signing bonus at the edge of Martinos couch for Donaghy. "He can influence a game six points either way -- that's what he told me," Tommy Martino said as we sat in the break room of his family's hair salon, where he's worked since he got out of prison in August 2009 after serving 10 months. In 2015, Mastronardo had a stroke and died in prison. One of the three was always him. There will almost always be an imbalance of calls. Martino said Donaghy cheated on tests, too, at Villanova. I asked. This was a few years after Donaghy's release from prison. When I asked, she said she never counted the money, never confronted him about its existence. Tim Donaghy, 55, was born in Pennsylvania on 7 January 1967 and worked in the NBA from 1994-2007. A month or so back, not long before Christmas, he'd done something audacious: He'd sat down and cut a deal with an NBA referee. I just focus on evidence, his betting records, any number of things I can quantify, the ridiculous things he says in his book, like, I agree with everything Judge Amon said., Really? 2 documentary Operation Flagrant Foul, on the 2007 gambling scandal centered on former NBA referee Tim Donaghy, is how it's not just about Donaghy. Yet the number of games reviewed by Pedowitz's group of NBA employees was only 17. The commissioner promised the league's full cooperation. The best sports gamblers win about 60% of bets, Battista says in the book, but. Netflix, to me, is the next iteration of that., Donaghy published a book in June 2010, nine months before Gaming.. "In the bathroom, Donaghy is like, 'Tom, you f---ing believe it?' What is his Net Worth? ", But Scala, the FBI agent who pursued the case, has doubts. He goes: 'Do you believe it?' "They were intelligent guys who just couldn't have full-time day jobs," says a former gambler who knew them. An intervention Battista two days later wearing a bathrobe in rehab. That is incorrect. To the gambler's enduring surprise, Donaghy acknowledged that, yes, he deliberately called more fouls against the side he'd bet against. It means you've found something. According to the league, the studies were based on "the entirety of the period during which Donaghy had admitted to gambling on games," including 194 games refereed by Donaghy himself, and entailed examinations of "officiating accuracy," "lopsided [foul] calling and the magnitude of lopsidedness," the timing of his calls during games, foul-call "streaks" and call volumes, along with an analysis of "all associated betting lines and movements. I have incredibly low expectations for whatever they produce, Griffin said by phone from Charleston, South Carolina. Normally this guy was a $100 or $200 or maybe $500 bettor. But soon enough, Martino says, Rhino learned about the nature of Battista's deal with Donaghy. Martino was not a gambler, had hardly ever placed a bet in his life. In early 2017, inspired by the 10th anniversary of the scandal, ESPN set out to reinvestigate it. The referee at the time, Timothy "Tim" Donaghy, was betting on his own game for about a year, if not more, to satisfy his addiction and benefit the two co-conspirators. The falling-out involved a polygraph test. Powered by WordPress.com VIP. Hes publishing it independently. It was situated in a house a block off the beach. Two years of reporting later, the story can now be told: This is the definitive account of how Tim Donaghy conspired to fix NBA games -- and how, in so doing, he unwittingly enriched an array of gamblers to the tune of likely hundreds of millions of dollars. "Donaghy says he never threw a game," Scala told me. An NBA referee, according to the informant, was "in the pocket" of some people in the sports-gambling underworld. Several people from the sports-betting underworld had, in effect, staked Battista a bankroll -- a fund he was now using to bet on games officiated by this one NBA referee. Dallas making both free throws, increasing its lead to eight. Another man who profited off Donaghy was a well-known New York and South Florida bookie and whale who sometimes went by the nickname Popeye on account of his oversize forearms. The best movers spend years compiling vast networks of clients and "outs," or counterparties, with whom the movers can trade. The Animals went so far as to study the box scores after each of Donaghy's outings. "It was a job I was born to do," Donaghy wrote in his 2009 memoir, Personal Foul, but the sentence carries a double meaning. The Heat covering Donaghy in Toronto calling four fouls against the visiting Nets' top scorer, Vince Carter, forcing him to the bench, the last one called by Donaghy when the ref was on the opposite side of the floor with the Raptors leading by three. Around the same time as Stern's news conference, the NBA also commissioned an investigation, to be led by Larry Pedowitz, a partner with the elite New York law firm Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz. In the early 2000s, the sports-betting world was undergoing its own equivalent of a dot-com boom. ", "These analyses," the NBA told ESPN, "did not support your finding that an unbiased official would not have made the calls that Donaghy did.". Jimmy Battista's NBA bets drew the attention of the world's largest gamblers, who attributed his actions to referee Tim Donaghy, a professional NBA official who was charged in 2007 with participating in a large gambling syndicate. Holy s---! And so it is that May's Supreme Court decision demands a review of the Donaghy affair. His name was Tim Donaghy. SIX DAYS LATER, on June 21, Scala, Harris and their boss, Special Agent in Charge Kevin Hallinan, traveled to the NBA offices in midtown Manhattan and sat down with commissioner David Stern and three other league executives: deputy commissioner Adam Silver, president Joel Litvin and senior vice president of security Bernie Tolbert, a former FBI agent. That never really flew with us." Served as one of Battista's biggest "outs" for bets on Donaghy games. I didn't find it.". Martino late at night on the phone with Donaghy, the pair having developed a nightly before-bed ritual: If Donaghy's pick was a winner, if the spread had been covered, Martino calling the ref and whispering "Good boy," and Donaghy echoing "Good boy" and then hanging up Donaghy calling two fouls 50 seconds apart against the 76ers' leading scorer, Andre Iguodala, in the third quarter against Boston, with the score's margin right on the spread. And so their syndicate came to be known by some as the Animals. And so, in the end, on the question of whether Donaghy fixed, Pedowitz upheld the findings of the U.S. Attorney's Office -- which never charged him with such crimes. It was either sink or swim together for all of us. But Battista refused to squeal on Donaghy. ESPN ignores this important distinction. So the FBI had worked out a plan. Pete "Rhino" Ruggieri The next season, though, the volume rose sharply -- he made between 30 and 40 wagers on games he worked. All this occurred while Rush was director of officials, from 1998 to 2003. Once Tim, Jimmy, and Tommys betting scheme came to light in 2007, the professional gambler was the only one who refused to speak or cooperate with the FBI in any way, shape, or form. The person wanted to deliver a message about Weiss' more critical reporting on the scandal. According to the FBI's investigation files, obtained in an FOIA request, some referees had to be served with subpoenas before they would talk to the Feds. None of them says anymore that Donaghy "was a good ref. They knew all about what he'd done, they told him; he was looking at 20 years. Donaghy has written that Rhino had a handicapping system for picking NFL and college football winners. Toronto, favored by 10.5, covering Money now pouring into games Donaghy is refereeing, the lines during trading sessions swinging violently, like stocks beset by takeover rumors-widening and narrowing by 1.5, 3, 4.5, even 5 points, unheard of in the NBA except in the case of significant player injuries Battista popping pills, Vicodin and OxyContin, sometimes falling asleep at the dinner table at restaurants, sometimes vomiting blood. Hundreds of hours were spent watching every NBA game Donaghy officiated in the 2006-07 season. Battista and Martino were tight, and they drove to the Marriott at Philadelphia International Airport for an exploratory meeting with Donaghy on Dec. 12, 2006. According to multiple sources, Battista first began moving bets for Athanas in 2005. Popeye, who died of heart disease in 2014 at age 61, was born in Manhattan and raised in Greenwich, Connecticut, but remained estranged from most of his family for most of the rest of his life. The next documentary in the series, The Race of the Century, hits Netflix on September 6. I knew what it would mean, Battista told Griffin, if I had an NBA ref on my side.. "But you know what? What does it mean to "fix" a game? How Much Did Tim Donaghy Earn From Each Bet? I graduated high school by the skin of my teeth cause I didnt give a f**k, Jimmy admitted in Untold, before adding he saw a drastically different life once he began working as a waiter locally. On May 14 of last year, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a 1992 federal law that had forbidden states from legalizing sports gambling within their own borders. According to a breakdown from NBC Sports, NBA referees earn an estimated salary of anywhere between $150,000 and $550,000 every year. In total, according to a person with knowledge of their operation, he hoped to get down about $1 million of his investors' money in each of Donaghy's games. Donaghy once slipped a dead, maggot-infested bird into fellow golfer John Minutellas bag. "Tiger was his boss." Martino would then relay the pick to Battista. Read More: How Much Did Tim Donaghy Earn From Each Bet? Battista "was just ruining something that was totally quiet, that nobody knew about," said one of the Animals. "Then you gotta cover the f---ing spread." AND THEN THERE was a former friend of Donaghy's named Aron Kulle, who recalled the time Donaghy came to his office in Sarasota in a state of high anxiety. Ridiculous.. Litvin's tone was urgent. He served, for example, as a kind of shadow bank for the global underground gambling industry. In 2008, former NBA referee Tim Donaghy was sentenced to 15 months in prison. His brief was to audit the entire NBA referee program for corruption, but he also had a narrower goal: figuring out whether Donaghy had indeed fixed games. Battista would spend the day betting heavily on Donaghy's selection. One member of the group called it "the ticket" and "the company.". "During all this s---," he said. Donaghy rose from the table. It's widely believed that the ruling will lead to a lifting of the interstate prohibition on sports betting, which, in turn, would give rise to a massive increase in the money wagered on American sports. A play that had to be called one way and that [Donaghy] called the other way. "Uh, no.") And then, twisting the knife, Battista told him how much Concannon was winning. On Feb. 22, 2019, the NBA issued a statement in response to the ESPN story on the Donaghy scandal: "The Tim Donaghy matter concluded over a decade ago with a full investigation by the federal government, Donaghy's termination from the NBA, and his conviction for criminal acts. He was thus sentenced to 15 months in a federal facility. Watching would give him agita, he's said, at which point he'd have to turn off the TV: "I remember being like, 'Oh s---, he's getting out of hand.' Still, in Scala's telling, the FBI eventually just had to move on. According to Scala, his and the FBI's position has always been that Donaghy's deals with Concannon and Battista irrevocably "tainted" his capacity for officiating, even if only subconsciously. He'd acted alone. By chance, over the years its members had all acquired animal nicknames: Tiger, Rooster, Rhino, Seal, Sheep. In this game, the second after the marriage with Battista, Donaghy called five straight fouls on New Jersey in the fourth quarter when the spread was in doubt. "There wasn't no need to," Battista has told friends. ], Griffin, 52, said. Only a fool, Dr. Sean Patrick Griffin wrote, would have ignored Battistas ridiculously obvious wagering success.. Donaghy was mentioned on those tapes. He knew how to get into other referees' heads too, about different players because [the other refs] would follow him. ", Said another: "Did I assume he was fixing the games? The closing line: Dallas by 8 Donaghy on New Year's Day in Charlotte calling 14 fouls against the Bobcats, five against the Timberwolves; the Wolves covering Battista usually watched these games at home, but sometimes not. There was, after all, that definitive frame within the 2006-07 season: the 40 games between the beginning of the marriage and the end of Battista's involvement. A "free roll," as they call it. There's a defined trading session. How huge? It wasn't long before people wanted in on the action. The FBI started trying . Three. And if you exclude two split-foul calls -- the same foul called by two refs simultaneously and credited to both -- the P value for Donaghy's calls in that set of games was 0.041, or 4.1 percent. There was golfing but also drinking and gambling. He forfeited $5 million, agreed to three years' probation and now lives in the Lakes Region of central New Hampshire, in a home with views of the cold blue lakes and, beyond them, the massed forms of the White Mountains. FBI special agent and head of the investigative unit focused on the Gambino crime family at the time of the investigation. At the same time, the NBA -- which once balked at gambling -- has now openly embraced legalized sports betting more than any other U.S. pro sports league. But the person who knows more about the case than anyone isnt on the show and wont be watching. Larry Pedowitz Had Nunn heard anything about Donaghy's resignation? Gambler, bookmaker and sometime partner of Battista and the Animals betting office who took over the Donaghy scheme after Battista went to rehab but quickly ended the operation. A referee wishing to manipulate game scores on these occasions would likely find he lacked much ability to sway the matter -- or the need to do so, if the score was already in his favor. I accepted because Im an academic; we argue for a living. Whenever Scala's special agents interviewed NBA executives for the case, they heard a refrain: "They told us, 'You can't fix a game in the NBA. In 1998, Donaghy joined a country club in West Chester, Pennsylvania, called Radley Run, along whose fairways the Donaghys built a spacious home. Why? "There were lots of whistles in the game, by him, that did not fit the game," he says. "He said he liked to call an illegal defense call, right away, in the first minute." They just march on, say whatever they want, anyway. A close observer of basketball, the gambler had become acutely curious after suffering losses on Donaghy-reffed games during that season. . Both times, however, Donaghy didnt show. He was what's known as a mover. Who besides Donaghy, Battista and Martino was in on it? Donaghy worked the game. They passed it back and forth -- Battista, who'd snorted some coke earlier, demurred -- and as the car filled with smoke, they made, Martino told me, "a pact." But the genesis of their falling-out occurred when Donaghy was still making the rounds to promote the book, according to documents filed in court as part of the lawsuit. By now the spreads were moving violently. Vercher told me that, in December 2009, after questioning from reporters, including ones from ESPN, she had wanted Donaghy to take a polygraph that asked point-blank whether he'd fixed games. Gambler, bookmaker and the boss of the Animals betting office when it first deduced that Concannon and Donaghy were betting on Donaghy's game together; now the owner of Planet Fitness franchises. But the longtime crime reporter says he did at one point talk to a person "involved with Stern and the NBA in that era." You know what he says? NBA commissioner at the time of the scandal. Griffin documented how Donaghy admitted to getting into Villanova, in part, by having someone take his SAT for him. "He knew what the spreads were going to be. They'd shut down a Gambino profit center. "He said he'd pick on the big center, or the most valuable player of each team, and he'd try to get them in foul trouble. According to Martino and Battista, after such wagering was complete, Battista, via Martino, would then inform Donaghy of the spread he needed to cover. In any case, Ruggieri before long decided to shut the whole thing down. Several sports-betting experts -- two former underground movers and a longtime professional NBA gambler -- agreed that global markets contained enough liquidity in 2007 for an in-the-know bettor to win as much as $100 million. "Someone in the NBA notified the press [in order] to stop this investigation, in my opinion. Ruggieri was to play the same role Battista had -- mover, fund manager. Tim Donaghy's downfall began in 2007 when former classmate Jimmy Battista asked Donaghy if he wanted to earn some extra money while he was still an official in the NBA. We had a big bet on every f---ing game.". Wife of Tim Donaghy at the time of the scandal. What Battista, Ruggieri and the rest did was follow the Concannon-Donaghy bets with bets of their own -- $30,000, $50,000, $100,000 a game, according to a person familiar with the betting. For 11 years, the official plotline has been that Donaghy was a rogue, gambling-addicted ref who made some bets on his own games -- and nothing more. But stomping out a Mafia profit center was. The bribe was only two dimes, $2,000 per game -- an outrageous bargain. But no. (Through the NBA, Stern declined an interview request for this story.) Battista knew Donaghy in high school, and he played football with Donaghy's brother, Jimmy. Dear Abby: Is it cheating if nothing physical ever happened? Its absurd. Whether Donaghy was using his whistle to fix games was beside the point. They were the real moneymakers of the Donaghy scheme. Oakes was Tim Donaghy's uncle. They were the gamblers and bookmakers closest to Battista. After it hit the fan and the legal process dragged on, Battista hoped to expose Donaghys mountain of lies by testifying. "But Donaghy changed our working relationship. It touts interviews with Donaghy, Battista and Martino not Griffin. Scala reached the FBI's mandatory retirement age in 2008 and is now a private detective based on Long Island. Nothing to see here. "If I thought we were going to get caught, then I'd like to think I wouldn't have ever done it," Donaghy said. A decade later, in the break room of the hair salon he worked in, Martino told me how it had gone: Martino had already known that their mutual buddy Tim Donaghy had been betting on his own NBA games with Concannon, and winning those bets. Netflix's Untold: Operation Flagrant Foul revisits . IT REMAINS ONE of the most tantalizing questions in all of American professional sport: Does game-fixing still exist? Popeye's real name was Taylor Breton, and he was the great-great-grandson of Marcus Goldman, the founder, in 1869, of Goldman Sachs. They were now entering the sixth week of the scheme -- what you might call a sustained period of time. They're a species of broker that provides services to sports bettors, laying down wagers on their clients' behalf with bookmakers of various types around the world, legal and not.

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