x[sSL%bp J+)YMA(e} UN_N?>3|6*gO|_Vm9^vrq]~uVz^g. >> hkkH|d~HRhmUdc+llb7,B4sn3s9c%LidC309O/Im-^#Zl# Our Navy cannot build the framework for leadership development without first "Laying the Keel." This underlines the importance of intelligence. The Norwegian long-term defense plan for 20212024 notes that access to up-to-date and relevant information about threats and threat actors is absolutely central to being able to handle threats in the digital space (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 76). In this context, the DCCFootnote5, sees offensive cyber capabilities as digital resources the purpose of which is to influence or pre-empt the actions of an opponent by infiltrating computers, computer networks and weapons and sensor systems so as to influence information and systems. European Parliament, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA), PE 603.175, May 2017. It is achieved through communication intelligence and interaction with several other intelligence capabilities (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2019b). % The National Fleet Plan identifies U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard authorities, methods, and measurements to avoid redundancies and achieve economies of scale. %PDF-1.4 >> However, it is unclear whether decision makers have systematically assessed how the organizational model allows for the operational capacity to travel from, translate into, and shape intelligence and military entities and to which strategic and governance implications. Cybersecurity in the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) : Challenges and Risks for the EU, The Cyber-Enabled Information Struggle : Russia's Approach and Western Vulnerabilities, An Analysis of Threat Perceptions : Combating Cyber Terrorism : The Policies of NATO and Turkey, Evaluated Using Game Theory in the Context of International Law, Cyber Security in the Energy Sector : Recommendations for the European Commission on a European Strategic Framework and Potential Future Legislative Acts for the Energy Sector, From Awareness to Action - A Cybersecurity Agenda for the 45th President, Guide to Cyber Threat Information Sharing, Putins Cyberwar : Russias Statecraft in the Fifth Domain, Governing Cyberspace : A Road Map for Transatlantic Leadership. When is maneuvering in cyberspace for intelligence purposes vis-a-vis military cyberspace operations mutually exclusive, reinforcing, and supporting? 11 0 obj endobj The DON's Information Superiority Vision outlines the Secretary's vision to modernize so that the right information can be delivered to the right Sailor or Marine at the right time to defeat high-paced and evolving threats. Yet, the review does not elaborate on when, how, or in collaboration with whom. . It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and interception. 7 0 obj endstream endobj startxref /Kids [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R] The Netherlands Defence organisation deploys offensive digital resources exclusively against military targets. Cyber threats to the security of the Alliance are complex, destructive and coercive, and are becoming ever more frequent. It states that the post-cold war peace-crisis-war continuum no longer applies. The COMCYBER rely on the Information Management Division of the Directorate General of ArmamentFootnote11 (DGA-MI) for the development and design of cyber capabilities (Ministre des Armeses Citation2019b, 11). /Filter /FlateDecode The French Military Cyber Strategy that so far consists of three separate documents: the Ministerial Policy for Defensive Cyber Warfare, the Public Elements for the Military Cyber Warfare Doctrine, and the Public Elements for Cyber Influence Warfare Doctrine (Ministre des Armeses Citation2019a, Citation2019b, Citation2021) does, however, not elaborate on the collaboration between the COMCYEBR and the intelligence services. The Commission recommends cementing the role of the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security as the key cyber security agency, and providing it with more resources to develop policy, implement capacity-building programmes, support research, and establish a cyber security certification scheme. The organizational separation contains multiple ambiguities. DoDI 5000.02T will remain in effect, with content removed as it's canceled or transitions . 11 The French defence procurement and technology agency (DGA) is responsible for project management, development, and purchase of weapon systems for the French military. It provided the Russian intelligence service with the ability to infect SolarWind users. endstream Following the same line of thinking, this article offers a comparative exploratory qualitative analysis (Yin Citation2014) of how the development and deployment of cyber capabilities are structured across military cyber commands and foreign intelligence services in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. This report is the Department of the Navy (DON) 30-year shipbuilding plan for the FY2022 Presidents Budget (PB2022). Sep 2017, 11:26 . This broad perception of offensive capabilities is deliberately chosen to allow for the empirics to speak rather than an overly restrictive pregiven conceptualization. /Filter /FlateDecode /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Yet, the scholarly and political debate about the organization of cyber capabilities has been dominated by U.S. voices and U.S. issues (Devanny and Stevens Citation2021). /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1 page (14 July 2011), INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (latest version is dated 2013), Both ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 can be purchased online here: http://www.standards-online.net/InformationSecurityStandard.htm. The primary tasks of the unit are the collection of signal intelligence and the delivery of intelligence through cyber operations. NATO Headquarters The German Marshall Fund of the United States, 13 December 2018. , He also emphasized both the long-term goal of eliminating nuclear weapons and the requirement that the United States have modern, flexible, and resilient nuclear capabilities that are safe and secure until such a time as nuclear weapons can prudently be eliminated from the world. Today (16 February 2017), NATO and Finland stepped up their engagement with the signing of a Political Framework Arrangement on cyber defence cooperation. NATO Headquarters endobj 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] We use cookies to improve your website experience. Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 The 2018 intelligence law says that the service has the national responsibility for planning and carrying out offensive cyber operations, including cyber attacks (Computer Network Attack), as well as coordinating between offensive and defensive cyber measures in the armed forces (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2018, 12). Remarks by Thomas B. Modly Acting Secretary of the Navy Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, Hampton Roads, VA December 10, 2019. After two tragic, fatal collisions and other near misses at sea, the Readiness Reform and Oversight Council's (RROC) mandate was clear: make our Navy a safer and more combat-effective force that places the safety, readiness and training of our people first. 10 Except for the French Ministry of Defense. An additional argument for the centralized model was given by the Ministry of Defense in written communication with the author. This report summarizes the discussions and findings of the Workshop on Intelligent Autonomous Agents for Cyber Defence and Resilience organized by the NATO research group IST-152-RTG. It . Nurturing such debate is crucial to achieve the best decisions about how to organize and develop cyber capabilities, how to use it, and how to secure transparency and accountability. endobj Finland sees many opportunities of enhanced cooperation for example in conducting training and exercises in the cyber domain, said Mr. Jukka Juusti, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Finland. Existing scholarship has documented how European countries (Liebetrau Citation2022) and NATO (Jacobsen Citation2021) struggle to address such cyber aggressions below the threshold of war. The UKs Cyber Strategy Is No Longer Just About Security. >> >> However, under the Joint Cyber Coordination Center (FCKS), the intelligence service collaborates and coordinates with the National Security Authority (NSM), the Policy Security Service (PST), and The National Criminal Investigation Service (Kripos) when it comes to countering and dealing with severe cyber operations (Forsvarsdepartementet Citation2020, 7677). In parallel, the EU Directive on the security of network and information systems (NIS Directive) forces member states to adopt legal measures to boost the overall level of their cybersecurity by May 2018. As paradigmatic cases they were not chosen because of e.g. DON strategy to treat innovation beyond just about buying a new platform or weapon system; by changing the way we think, challenging outdated assumptions, and removing bureaucratic processes that prevent great ideas from becoming reality. Instead, its operations are based on a specific intelligence services legislation.Footnote9 The legal framework does allow MIVD to conduct counter-operations. /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] The deployment of cyber capabilities has a long history with the French foreign intelligence service The General Directorate for External Security (DGSE) (Gudard Citation2020). Along the same line, the Ministry of Defense emphasizes, in its Defence Vision 2035: Fighting for a safer future, the need for organizational decompartmentalization when countering hybrid threats in the information environment (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 17) and promises to devote attention to the hybrid strategic competition between war and peace (Ministry of Defense Citation2020, 23). Educating the civil aviation workforce . Should deterrence fail, the Joint Force is prepared to win. The intelligence chain of the strategic review stresses the possibility for the implementation of offensive cyber capabilities (Secrtariat gnral de la dfense et de la scurit nationale Citation2018, 56). The COMCYBER is responsible for the military action chain. Fri: 10:00 - 15:30, NATO Secretary General's Annual Report 2020, NATO Secretary General's Annual Report 2019. This article advances this debate by undertaking a comparative analysis of how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities. A related, yetalternative, argument is brought forward by supporters of cyber persistence theory. 202 0 obj <> endobj These documents are supported by interviews with military personnel, civil servants, and scholars in the three countries. endstream endobj 203 0 obj <>/Metadata 21 0 R/Outlines 35 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 200 0 R/StructTreeRoot 112 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 204 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 205 0 obj <>stream NATO has adopted the Cyber Defense Pledge that aims to improve NATO Allies' national cyber defense capabilities in key areas. /Pages 2 0 R Report is in response to your request to conduct an independent Cybersecurity Readiness Review following the loss of significant amounts of Department of the Navy data.

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