autopsy romanov family

[143], On 15 August 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church announced the canonization of the family for their "humbleness, patience and meekness". Save up to 40% off the cover price when you subscribe to Discover magazine. During his interrogation he denied taking part in the murders, and died in prison of typhus. [134], His preliminary report was published in a book that same year in French and then Russian. [1] Having previously seized some jewelry, he suspected more was hidden in their clothes;[35] the bodies were stripped naked in order to obtain the rest (this, along with the mutilations were aimed at preventing investigators from identifying them). The study involved the main experts on the subject historians and archivists. In 1993, the report of Yakov Yurovsky from 1922 was published. [117] Yurovsky, worried that he might not have enough time to take the bodies to the deeper mine, ordered his men to dig another burial pit then and there, but the ground was too hard. [5][115] Once the bodies were "completely naked" they were dumped into a mineshaft and doused with sulphuric acid to disfigure them beyond recognition. [85] The family was very upset as Leonid was Alexei's only playmate and he was the fifth member of the imperial entourage to be taken from them, but they were assured by Yurovsky that he would be back soon. In the words of author Joshua Hammer "the murder of Czar Nicholas Romanov and his family has resonated through Soviet and Russian history, inspiring not only immeasurable government cover-ups and public speculation but also a great many books, television series, movies, novels and rumors." (Hammer, 1) The murder of the Romanovs On 1 March 1918, the family was placed on soldiers' rations. , II (Repentance. Barlow-Austin's . One was the Tsars great niece, and the second was a Duke in Scotland. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/romanov-family-bodies-discovery-coverup, Why the Romanov Familys Fate Was a Secret Until the Fall of the Soviet Union. Anderson was really Franziska Schanzkowska of Poland. It was too late: The murder of the entire Russian imperial family, the Romanovs, had been ordered by the highest levels of Soviet leadership. The wall had been torn apart in search of bullets and other evidence by investigators in 1919. The lifeless bodies of Russias last monarch, his wife Alexandra, and their five children, Alexei, Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, were about to go on a journey that would stretch over years, stoke controversy and stump historians. / : / . Nicholas Romanov was essentially a pitiful figure, Pravda, the official party newspaper,declared after the murders. [102] Only Alexei's spaniel, Joy, survived to be rescued by a British officer of the Allied Intervention Force,[104] living out his final days in Windsor, Berkshire. [158] On 16 July, the editors of Danish newspaper Nationaltidende queried Lenin to "kindly wire facts" in regards to a rumor that Nicholas II "has been murdered"; he responded, "Rumor not true. Investigators tested the bones mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is found outside the nucleus and acts as a power station for the cell. [99] While the bodies were being placed on stretchers, one of the girls cried out (some accounts say two or more) and covered her face with her arm. [169], Over the years, a number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family. . However, Moscow's Basmanny Court ordered the re-opening of the case, saying that a Supreme Court ruling blaming the state for the killings made the deaths of the actual gunmen irrelevant, according to a lawyer for the Tsar's relatives and local news agencies. In the 1970s, a geologist named Alexander Avdonin, who had heard rumors about the site of the Romanovs grave his entire life, began asking others for information about its location. Tatiana died from a single shot to the back of her head. [73] Goloshchyokin reported back to Yekaterinburg on 12 July with a summary of his discussion about the Romanovs with Moscow,[64] along with instructions that nothing relating to their deaths should be directly communicated to Lenin. Four chemical bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bond with hydrogen to make base pairings. Only then did Yurovsky discover that the pit was less than 3 metres (9.8ft) deep and the muddy water below did not fully submerge the corpses as he had expected. The Tsarevich was the first of the children to be executed. The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. In December 1918, a photographic team of the U.S. Signal Corps led by Captain Howard Kingsmore arrived in Yekaterinburg, Russia, where they filmed inside the house where Tsar Nicholas II and his family was brutally murdered. Instead, they disinterred the bodies as they frantically searched for another grave site. So when the geologist found a mass grave, he kept his discovery secret until after the Communist regime collapsed in 1991. On 17 July 1918, Yakov and other Bolshevik jailers, fearing that the Legion would free Nicholas after conquering the town, murdered him and his family. [178][179] The rehabilitation was denounced by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, vowing the decision will "sooner or later be corrected". However, as of 2011[update], there has been no conclusive evidence that either Lenin or Sverdlov gave the order. [126], After Yekaterinburg fell to the anti-communist White Army on 25 July, Admiral Alexander Kolchak established the Sokolov Commission to investigate the murders at the end of that month. And I can confidently say that today there is no reliable document that would prove the initiative of Lenin and Sverdlov. He took a Mauser and Colt while Ermakov armed himself with three Nagants, one Mauser and a bayonet; he was the only one assigned to kill two prisoners (Alexandra and Botkin). [123] They dug a grave that was 1.8 by 2.4 metres (6ft 8ft) in size and barely 60 centimetres (2ft) deep. [56] The following morning, four housemaids were hired to wash the floors of the Popov House and Ipatiev House; they were the last civilians to see the family alive. Both agreed to provide DNA samples. 42: . Readpart 2, More than 60 years earlier, Tsar Nicholas II. Remnick, Reporting: Writings from the New Yorker, p. 222. [19], According to the official state version of the Soviet Union, ex-Tsar Nicholas Romanov, along with members of his family and retinue, were executed by firing squad by order of the Ural Regional Soviet. [98] Anna Demidova, Alexandra's maid, survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall while trying to defend herself with a small pillow which she had carried that was filled with precious gems and jewels. [116] Yurovsky left three men to guard the site while he returned to Yekaterinburg with a bag filled with 8.2 kilograms (18lb) of looted diamonds, to report back to Beloborodov and Goloshchyokin. [20][21] Most historians attribute the execution order to the government in Moscow, specifically Vladimir Lenin and Yakov Sverdlov, who wanted to prevent the rescue of the Imperial family by the approaching Czechoslovak Legion during the ongoing Russian Civil War. Their four daughters were named Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia, and their son was named Alexei. Only a few of their remains were ever recovered; the rest were dumped in mass graves or burned beyond recognition. [4] The bodies were taken to the Koptyaki forest, where they were stripped, buried, and mutilated with grenades to prevent identification. By this time, however, the coded telegram ordering the execution of Nicholas, his family and retinue had already been sent to Yekaterinburg. [93] As it cleared, it became evident that although several of the family's retainers had been killed, all of the Imperial children were alive and only Maria was injured. [87] Yurovsky's assistant Grigory Nikulin remarked to him that the "heir wanted to die in a chair. That meant the Empress and three of her daughters were indeed buried in the mass grave. [139][122] Three skulls were removed from the grave, but after failing to find any scientist and laboratory to help examine them, and worried about the consequences of finding the grave, Avdonin and Ryabov reburied them in the summer of 1980. That meant genealogists had to dig deep into the Tsars family tree and find living relatives who also had maternal consanguinity (or a blood relationship) with a shared female ancestor. Ex-tsar safe. [122] The impending return of Bolshevik forces in July 1919 forced him to evacuate, and he brought the box containing the relics he recovered. The Duke and the great-niece matched identically. [91] The last to die were Tatiana, Anastasia, and Maria, who were carrying a few pounds (over 1.3 kilograms) of diamonds sewn into their clothing, which had given them a degree of protection from the firing. Yurovsky watched in disbelief as Nikulin spent an entire magazine from his Browning gun on Alexei, who was still seated transfixed in his chair; he also had jewels sewn into his undergarment and forage cap. [90][94], The noise of the guns had been heard by households all around, awakening many people. Since the female body was badly disfigured, Yurovsky mistook her for Anna Demidova; in his report he wrote that he had actually wanted to destroy Alexandra's corpse. Fearing reprisals from the Soviet government, they reburied the bones. For much of 1918, the Romanov family had been the captives of the Bolsheviks who overthrew Nicholas II in the bloody Russian Revolution, and they were used to moving from place to place. [74], On 14 July, Yurovsky was finalizing the disposal site and how to destroy as much evidence as possible at the same time. At about 1 a.m. on July 17, 1918, in a fortified mansion in the town of Ekaterinburg, in the Ural Mountains, the Romanovsex-tsar Nicholas II, ex-tsarina Alexandra, their five children, and their. [16] The Russian president Boris Yeltsin described the murder of the royal family as one of the most shameful chapters in Russian history. out of the jurisdiction of Yekaterinburg and Perm province). . It took multiple attempts and 20 minutes to kill every family member, and Yakov Yurovsky and his men had to use the butts of their guns, bayonets, knives and brute force to finish off the Romanov children and their servants. The Tsar, Empress Alexandria, their four daughters and one son were all believed to have perished. [177] However, reflecting the intense debate preceding the issue, the bishops did not proclaim the Romanovs as martyrs, but passion bearers instead (see Romanov sainthood).[177]. Historians long suspected that four servants had been buried along with the royal family. Lenin saw the House of Romanov as "monarchist filth, a 300-year disgrace",[156] and referred to Nicholas II in conversation and in his writings as "the most evil enemy of the Russian people, a bloody executioner, an Asiatic gendarme" and "a crowned robber. In one of the pairs, he had cytosine whereas the others had thymine. A British war correspondent, Francis McCullagh, who met Yurovsky in 1920 alleged that he was remorseful over his role in the execution of the Romanovs. [28] Princess Helen of Serbia visited the house in June but was refused entry at gunpoint by the guards,[52] while Dr Vladimir Derevenko's regular visits to treat Alexei were curtailed when Yurovsky became commandant. What did this mean? The state also remained aloof from the celebration, as President Vladimir Putin considers Nicholas II a weak ruler.[190]. Sulphuric acid was again used to dissolve the bodies, their faces smashed with rifle butts and covered with quicklime. In the late 1970s, however, Anderson had surgery on her lower bowel and the hospital kept a tissue sample. Getty Images. The double doors leading to a storeroom were locked during the murders. [26] Other sources argue that Lenin and the central Soviet government had wanted to conduct a trial of the Romanovs, with Trotsky serving as prosecutor, but that the local Ural Soviet, under pressure from Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, undertook the executions on their own initiative due to the approach of the Czechoslovaks. [90] While waiting for the smoke to abate, the killers could hear moans and whimpers inside the room. 1. As the years passed, rumors about possible survivors continued to rage, and a number of imposters claimed they were the Romanovs. Both agreed to provide DNA samples. A few days later, the Bolsheviks announced the czars murder to the world, and the party used the elimination of their biggest enemy to consolidate their political power. The skeletons were numbered one through nine. 49: . [55] On 14 July, a priest and deacon conducted a liturgy for the Romanovs. Andersons compelling story attracted attention, and it was made into a 1956 movie starring Ingrid Bergman. [108] Beloborodov and Nikulin oversaw the ransacking of the Romanov quarters, seizing all the family's personal items, the most valuable piled up in Yurovsky's office whilst things considered inconsequential and of no value were stuffed into the stoves and burned. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! . [62], In mid-July 1918, forces of the Czechoslovak Legion were closing on Yekaterinburg, to protect the Trans-Siberian Railway, of which they had control. FAYETTEVILLE, N.C. (AP) A police officer and his wife were found shot to death in their North Carolina home after the officer failed to show up for . On both occasions, they were under strict instructions not to engage in conversation with the family. Yurovsky also seized several horse-drawn carts to be used in the removal of the bodies to the new site. For the Romanov family at the Ipatiev House, Tuesday July 16 in Ekaterinburg was much like any other day, punctuated by the same frugal meals, brief periods of recreation in the garden, reading . They had no idea they had reached their final destination. [79] This claim was consistent with that of a former Kremlin guard, Aleksey Akimov, who in the late 1960s stated that Sverdlov instructed him to send a telegram confirming the CEC's approval of the 'trial' (code for execution) but required that both the written form and ticker tape be returned to him immediately after the message was sent. [124], Yurovsky separated the Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sisters to be buried about 15 metres (50ft) away, in an attempt to confuse anyone who might discover the mass grave with only nine bodies. [37] The initial fence enclosed the garden along Voznesensky Lane. The Bolsheviks placed the family under house arrest, and then suddenly executed them in 1918 an event that toppled Russia's last imperial dynasty. Filipp Goloshchyokin arrived in Moscow on 3 July with a message insisting on the Tsar's execution. [13] The Soviet Union did not acknowledge the existence of these remains publicly until 1989 during the glasnost period. [67] Yurovsky later observed that, by responding to the faked letters, Nicholas "had fallen into a hasty plan by us to trap him". This enabled them to identify that nine people were buried in the grave. The states investigative team found thousands of bones and other relics from the imperial family, and DNA analysis soon confirmed they were in fact the Romanovs. The Romanov family was executed by the Bolsheviks after the onset of the Russian Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin, which established the world's first communist state. [129] The pit revealed no traces of clothing, which was consistent with Yurovsky's account that all the victims' clothes were burned. Born: June 18, 1901, in St. Petersburg, Russia Died: July 17, 1918, in Yekaterinburg, Russia Forensic investigation into the authenticity of the remains of Russia's Royal family members. [28], To maintain a sense of normality, the Bolsheviks lied to the Romanovs on 13 July 1918 that two of their loyal servants, Klementy Nagorny[ru] (Alexei's sailor nanny)[53] and Ivan Dmitrievich Sednev (OTMA's footman; Leonid Sednev's uncle),[54] "had been sent out of this government" (i.e. Autocrats ruled Russia for 300 years. [11] He wrongly concluded that the prisoners died instantly from the shooting, with the exception of Alexei and Anastasia, who were shot and bayoneted to death,[136] and that the bodies were destroyed in a massive bonfire. The examination of Czar Nicholas II's skull by photographic superimposition after the discovery of bones recovered in 1991. / : II / . All Rights Reserved. [3][5], Following the February Revolution in 1917, the Romanovs and their servants had been imprisoned in the Alexander Palace before being moved to Tobolsk, Siberia, in the aftermath of the October Revolution. 137, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe, "No proof Lenin ordered last Tsar's murder", " . In testing the mtDNA, researchers compared the base pairs between the Tsar, Duke and great-niece. [92] Some of Pavel Medvedev's stretcher bearers began frisking the bodies for valuables. [170] In July 1991, the bodies of five family members (the Tsar, Tsarina, and three of their daughters) were exhumed. Among them were burned bone fragments, congealed fat,[128] Dr Botkin's upper dentures and glasses, corset stays, insignias and belt buckles, shoes, keys, pearls and diamonds,[9] a few spent bullets, and part of a severed female finger. She was not a Romanov. [32] They were forbidden to speak any language other than Russian[33] and were not permitted access to their luggage, which was stored in a warehouse in the interior courtyard. The intoxicated Peter Ermakov, the military commissar for Verkh-Isetsk, shot and killed Alexandra with a bullet wound to the head. [159], Lenin also welcomed news of the death of Grand Duchess Elizabeth, who was murdered in Alapayevsk along with five other Romanovs on 18 July 1918, remarking that "virtue with the crown on it is a greater enemy to the world revolution than a hundred tyrant tsars". [47] The prisoners were required to ring a bell each time they wished to leave their rooms to use the bathroom and lavatory on the landing. His research provided the basis for the book "The Murder of the Imperial Family. [181], In late 2015, at the insistence by the Russian Orthodox Church,[182] Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, for additional DNA testing,[183] which confirmed that the bones were of the couple. [50] Rations were mostly tea and black bread for breakfast, and cutlets or soup with meat for lunch; the prisoners were informed that "they were no longer permitted to live like tsars". [141] The remains were disinterred in 1991 by Soviet officials in a hasty 'official exhumation' that wrecked the site, destroying precious evidence. Behind, from left to right, are their daughters Maria, Olga, and Tatiana.. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Finally, they dug another shallow grave, and, after abusing the corpses even more, buried all but two of the family members. I made no reply. "[118]Yurovsky knows nothing about the lack of jewelry in her underwear, so in his 1922 memoir, Here the special position Maria held in the family was confirmedshe is not similar to and [also] outwardly as the first two sisters: [she is] somewhat reticent and considered like a step-daughter in the family. is written on it. Rumors about their possible survival swirled until 2007, when Sergei Plotnikov, a builder who was part of a club that looked for the missing Romanovs on the weekends came across bone fragments. Its unclear when, or even if, that burial will occur, even with the new DNA results. Also murdered that night were members of the imperial entourage who had accompanied them: court physician Eugene Botkin; lady-in-waiting Anna Demidova; footman Alexei Trupp; and head cook Ivan Kharitonov. [132] He died in France in 1924 of a heart attack before he could complete his investigation. [74] He was under pressure to ensure that no remains would later be found by monarchists who would exploit them to rally anti-communist support. But Alexei and Marias remains are still being held in a Russian state archivenot buried along with the rest of their family. It was found by White investigator Nikolai Sokolov and reads:[106], Inform Sverdlov the whole family have shared the same fate as the head. [83] Neither Yurovsky nor any of the killers went into the logistics of how to efficiently destroy eleven bodies. [149] However, in light of Plotnikov's research, the group that carried out the execution consisted almost entirely of ethnic Russians (Nikulin, Medvedev (Kudrin), Ermakov, Vaganov, Kabanov, Medvedev and Netrebin) with the participation of one Jew (Yurovsky) and possibly, one Latvian (Ya.M. This story is the first in a two-part series about the Romanovs. [95] Ermakov shot and stabbed him, and when that failed, Yurovsky shoved him aside and killed the boy with a gunshot to the head. [43] From this window, they could see only the spire of the Voznesensky Cathedral located across the road from the house. Romanov family shrouded in mystery Nicholas II, his German-born wife Alexandra Feodorovna, and their five children, Anastasia, Maria, Tatiana, Olga and Alexei, were executed by the Bolsheviks. [76] Yurovsky wanted to gather the family and servants in a small, confined space from which they could not escape. [69] Only seven of the 23 members of the Central Executive Committee were in attendance, three of whom were Lenin, Sverdlov and Felix Dzerzhinsky. Czar Nicholas and his family waited patiently in the basement. So when the geologist found a mass grave. These claimed to be by a monarchist officer seeking to rescue the family, but were composed at the behest of the Cheka. For starters, two of the Romanov children were missing. "All of them?" He then shot at Maria, who ran for the double doors, hitting her in the thigh. Twenty-seven others were killed in the next 84 days. [127], Sokolov discovered a large number of the Romanovs' belongings and valuables that were overlooked by Yurovsky and his men in and around the mineshaft where the bodies were initially disposed. In 1998, eighty years after the executions, the remains of the Romanovs were reinterred in a state funeral in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. [175] Patriarch Alexy II, who felt that the Church was sidelined in the investigation, refused to officiate at the burial and banned bishops from taking part in the funeral ceremony. [9] The Soviets finally acknowledged the murders in 1926 following the publication in France of a 1919 investigation by a White migr but said that the bodies were destroyed and that Lenin's Cabinet was not responsible. [122] Leonid Brezhnev's Politburo deemed the Ipatiev House lacking "sufficient historical significance" and it was demolished in September 1977 by KGB chairman Yuri Andropov,[138] less than a year before the sixtieth anniversary of the murders. [40] Their only source of ventilation was a fortochka in the grand duchesses' bedroom, but peeking out of it was strictly forbidden; in May a sentry fired a shot at Anastasia when she looked out. 2 (Lenin), Archive No. Alexandra did not trust Yurovsky, writing in her final diary entry just hours before her death, "whether it's true & we shall see the boy back again!". [112] Yurovsky maintained control of the situation with great difficulty, eventually getting Ermakov's men to shift some of the bodies from the truck onto the carts. But no one knew for sure. [105], Alexandre Beloborodov sent a coded telegram to Lenin's secretary, Nikolai Gorbunov. Whereas people inherit their nuclear DNA from each parent. He seized a truck which he had loaded with blocks of concrete for attaching to the bodies before submerging them in the new mineshaft. Members of the Presidium of the Ural Executive Council: number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family, Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (18641918), "A Playwright Applies His Craft To Czar Nicholas II's Last Days", "From the archive, 22 July 1918: Ex-tsar Nicholas II executed", "Sleuths say they've found the last Romanovs", "Russia reopens criminal case on 1918 Romanov royal family murders", : , 1926. All those under arrest will be held as hostages, and the slightest attempt at counter-revolutionary action in the town will result in the summary execution of the hostages. Investigators turned to the remains of the Tsars brother, George, and extracted a DNA sample. on the nuclear DNA. Forensic genealogists constructed a family tree to determine which relatives of the royal family were still living, and if they would be willing to give a blood sample. [104] Alexandre Beloborodov and his deputy, Boris Didkovsky, were both killed in 1938 during the Great Purge. . This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 15:38. [107], Aleksandr Lisitsyn of the Cheka, an essential witness on behalf of Moscow, was designated to promptly dispatch to Sverdlov soon after the executions of Nicholas and Alexandra's politically valuable diaries and letters, which would be published in Russia as soon as possible. There, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina . Although official Soviet accounts place the responsibility for the decision with the Uralispolkom, an entry in Leon Trotsky's diary reportedly suggested that the order had been given by Lenin himself. [65] On 13 July, across the road from the Ipatiev House, a demonstration of Red Army soldiers, Socialist Revolutionaries, and anarchists was staged on Voznesensky Square, demanding the dismissal of the Yekaterinburg Soviet and the transfer of control of the city to them. Learn more about Erin and her work at erinblakemore.com. Scientists were eager to solve the mystery, but it wasnt going to be easy. [11] The Soviet cover-up of the murders fuelled rumors of survivors. Seven bodies, including two that investigators believe belong to two missing teenage girls, were found Monday afternoon at an Oklahoma residence of a man who authorities were seeking in the teens . [39], The windows in all the family's rooms were sealed shut and covered with newspapers (later painted with whitewash on 15 May). Meanwhile, Bolsheviks went on amurder spree, killing every Romanov family member and associate they could get their hands on. The external guard, led by Pavel Medvedev, numbered 56 and took over the Popov House opposite. Genealogists were able to identify two distant relatives. Kabanov then hurried downstairs and told the men to stop firing and kill the family and their dogs with their gun butts and bayonets. Two of the children were missing, and there were several people claiming to be the long-lost Romanovs. Researchers Discover Tequila Worm Species, The Woolly Mammoth Meatball Could Kick Off a Trend of Eating Extinct Meats. Get unlimited access for as low as $1.99/month, This story is the first in a two-part series about the Romanovs. Two of the childrenlikely Maria and Alexeiwere burned and the remnants of their bodies buried in another, separate grave nearby. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. In testing the mtDNA, researchers compared the base pairs between the Tsar, Duke and great-niece. p. 220. But the grave, located in a mine, was too shallow, and when the men tried to collapse the mine with grenades it failed. 86 (Sverdlov) as well as the archives of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Executive Committee reveal that a host of party 'errand boys' were regularly designated to relay his instructions, either by confidential notes or anonymous directives made in the collective name of the Council of People's Commissars. 29, 2023 at 7:53 AM PDT. Now they knew for certain all the Romanovs died during the shocking execution. No one survived, and anyone who claimed otherwise was an imposter. Suddenly, armed thugs rushed in. The two missing children had been buried about 70 meters from the mass grave. In 1979, a geologist in Russia approached a grassy area near the Koptyaki forest. [101][102], While Yurovsky was checking the victims for pulses, Ermakov walked through the room, flailing the bodies with his bayonet. [104] Stepan Vaganov, Ermakov's close associate,[151] was attacked and killed by peasants in late 1918 for his participation in local acts of brutal repression by the Cheka. The basement room chosen for this purpose had a barred window which was nailed shut to muffle the sound of shooting and in case of any screaming. "All of them," replied Yakov Sverdlov. [88] Very well then, let him have one. The manhunt expanded Sunday for the suspect in a shooting rampage at a rural Texas home that left five people dead, the homeowner in shock and a community in fear and mourning.. More than 250 . Forensic investigators also found a nephew of the Tsar living in Toronto, but he refused to cooperate. The 55 volumes of Lenin's Collected Works as well as the memoirs of those who directly took part in the murders were scrupulously censored, emphasizing the roles of Sverdlov and Goloshchyokin. [119], Sergey Chutskaev[ru] of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Yekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered.

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